Product Description:
Nuts and Bolts: A Fasteners Guide
Fasteners literally hold our world together. Here’s a guide to nuts
and bolts and everything else that joins one material to another.
Fasteners can be decorative. For instance, screws have a square recess in the drive head; cup washers make these screws look attractive in finished woodwork.
Fasteners are an essential part of almost any do-it-yourself project. Pay attention to them, and everything you build and fix will be better because of your extra effort. Successful building and maintenance require many more kinds of nails, rivets, screws, nuts and bolts.
Hundreds of different kinds of fasteners are available, and you won't need most of them. But here are the most popular ones organized in four broad categories: screws; nails; bolts; nuts and washers; and specialty.
Screw Types
For all kinds of projects, deck screws should form the heart of your screw collection. The best versions are highly resistant to corrosion. Storing that many sizes of screws may seem excessive, but it's important to have many lengths on hand to match any size of job. For most applications, screw threads should penetrate the bottom layer of wood by at least 1 inch and even more is better. But screws that are too long are a problem if they pop out the back side of your piece of wood.
You'll also find pan head screws widely useful. Often called sheet-metal screws, these have flattened-dome heads that are ideal for attaching pieces of thin metal.
To drive screws, you simply can't beat cordless impact drivers. They are faster than a regular drill, they offer more torque, and the screw-driving tip stays put in the screw head much more reliably.
Nail Types
Nails are the cheapest and fastest way to join wood that's why they're so popular. The two most widely used types are framing nails for the walls and frames of buildings, and finishing nails for trim installation and small wood projects.
Framing nails have much thicker shanks and much wider head diameters (2- and 3 1/2-inch lengths are the most useful). Finishing nails are shorter and thinner, with tiny heads relative to shank diameter (1 1/2- and 2 1/2-inch lengths are the most useful). The tiny heads can be driven into wood and covered with putty to hide them.
Another kind of nail is a large spike, which is ideal for big projects such as fencing and timberwork (6-, 8- and 12-inch lengths are the most useful).
If a nail is worth driving, it should last a long time once its in place. That's why I use hot-dipped galvanized nails for all exterior applications. They cost a bit more, but they're definitely worth the extra cost, because untreated steel nails can corrode to nothing in a decade. Always wear safety glasses when driving nails, especially galvanized ones. The zinc-based treatment that keeps rust at bay also makes the steel more brittle. It's not unusual for bits of metal to fly off when you pound a galvanized nail.
If you have some hardwood trim to install with finishing nails, then you'll need to pre-drill holes (called pilot holes) to prevent splitting, or you can speed things up with a tool called a nail spinner. This small, inexpensive device fits into any drill and uses a nail as its own drill bit. Load one nail into the tip of the spinner, press the nail to the wood, switch on the drill and then push. In a few seconds, the nail will burrow its way into the trim. Pull the drill and spinner off the nail and then drive the nail the rest of the way with a hammer.
Bolts, Nuts and Washers
Use bolts whenever screws aren't strong enough for the job, or when there isn't enough material for screws to grab solidly.
Carriage bolts have a domed head and are ideal for use in exterior wood projects. Lag bolts (also called lag screws) have threads like wood screws and have a hexagonal-shaped (hex) head on top. They can be used either in wood or soft metal anchors set into pre-drilled masonry holes. Machine bolts have hexagonal heads and threads that will accept a nut. Keep an assortment of lengths on hand, from three-sixteenths to three-eighths inch in diameter, along with matching sizes of plain nuts and washers.
Threaded rod is essentially a long threaded bolt without a head. For general purpose, the best size of threaded rod is five-eighths inch in diameter. This size is large enough for most projects, it is readily available, and you can easily cut it with a hacksaw.
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